The challenges include water scarcity in the northern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Mexicans receiving water only intermittently as of 2014);[319] poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of non-revenue water of 43.2% in 2010);[320] increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%,[321] is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago;[322] and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas. [146], After founding the new political party MORENA, Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the 2018 presidential election with over 50% of the vote. The Viceroyalty at its greatest extent included the territories of modern Mexico, Central America as far south as Costa Rica, and the western United States. Elements from the Indigenous peoples of Mexico music have deeply influenced Mexico's music at large, distinguishing it from European and Asian traditions. Other players in the domestic industry are Axtel, Maxcom, Alestra, Marcatel, AT&T Mexico. hade emellertid kollapsat långt innan, sannolikt till följd av klimatförändringar. History. Although the racial system appears fixed and rigid, there was some fluidity within it, and racial domination of whites was not complete. Hermenegildo Bustos is one of the most appreciated painters of the historiography of Mexican art. Mexico has a long tradition of classical music, as far back as the 16th century, when it was a Spanish colony. [139] In 1990 the PRI was famously described by Mario Vargas Llosa as the "perfect dictatorship", but by then there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.[140][141][142]. [200] Felipe Calderón's administration (2006–2012) put a greater emphasis on relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. [215][216] Mexico signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. "Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada" in, Schmidt, Arthur, "José Ives Limantour" in, Matute, Alvaro. There were military coups d'état, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between Conservatives and Liberals, and economic stagnation. On the verge of Díaz's victory on the battlefield, Lerdo fled from office, going into exile. Di Yuunaitid Stiet a Mexiko adawaiz nuo az Mexiko (Panish: México) a wah fedaral kanstityuushanal ripoblik we de ina Naat Amoerka.Iab wah baada wid di Yunaitid Stiet; pah di soutiis kuos a Guatimaala, Biliiz, ah di Kiaribiyan Sii; ah pah di iis bai di Golf a Mexiko.Ia di fif laajis konchri ina di Amoerkaz bai tuotal ieria ah di 14t laajis indipendant nieshan ina di wol. Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. [263] Daily minimum wages are set annually being set at $102.68 Mexican pesos (US$5.40) in 2019. Mexiko (spanisch: México [ˈmexiko], nahuatl: Mexihco [meː'ʃiʔko]), amtlich Vereinigte Mexikanische Staaten, spanisch: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, ist eine Bundesrepublik in Nordamerika, die 31 Bundesstaaten und den Hauptstadtdistrikt Mexiko-Stadt umfasst. An industrial manufacturing sector also developed, particularly in textiles. [1][374] Afro-Mexican culture is strongest in the communities of the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Costa Chica of Guerrero. [59]:33–36 The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés landed on the Gulf Coast and founded the Spanish city of Veracruz. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7500 years old and has been found in the caves of the Baja California Peninsula. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of the United States and Europe, especially Spain. [143], In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposition National Action Party (PAN). As a result of its trade links with Asia, the rest of the Americas, Africa and Europe and the profound effect of New World silver, central Mexico was one of the first regions to be incorporated into a globalized economy. [102] German scientist Alexander von Humboldt spent a year in Mexico, finding the scientific community in the capital active and learned. Mexico City, (staden Mexiko, spanska: Ciudad de México), D.F., (för Distrito Federal), México [2], är Mexikos huvudstad. Fakta och bra att veta om Mexiko. Over the next centuries many other Mexican indigenous cultures were conquered and gradually subjected to Spanish colonial rule.[58]. [251][252], Although multiple international organizations coincide and classify Mexico as an upper middle income country, or a middle class country[253][254] Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL), which is the organization in charge to measure the country's poverty reports that a huge percentage of Mexico's population lives in poverty. [148] In AMLO's push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex has been arrested. All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857 and 1917, the current constitution) used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos[41]—or the variant Estados-Unidos Mexicanos,[42] all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". More recent American creations Jazz, techno, and house music have cross over. ", "Sistema de información e indicadores sobre la población indígena de México", "Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas", "Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City", "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell", "Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792", "Presentación de la Encuesta Intercensal- Principales resultados", "Principales resultados—Encuesta Intercensal 2015", "Tabulados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015", "Find Local Contractors – Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext", "Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA", "Yearbook of Migration and Remittances: Mexico 2018", "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin", INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas], "Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older", "Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas", "Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages", "The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection", "English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors", "En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO", "Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique", "Catolicismo y otras religiones pierden creyentes en México", "Cristianismos orientales: persecución, muerte, migración y cambio – Resonancias – Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales", "La Santa Muerte y la cultura de los derechos humanos", "En Chamula, cambiar religión se considera delito", "Mexico to End Work of U.S. Translators With Indians", "Mexico – Health Care and Social Security", "Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud – Infraestructura", https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/literacy-rate, "Nombran al Tec de Monterrey como la mejor universidad privada de México", "Presenta AMLO Gabinete para Presidencia 2018–2024 #GabineteAMLO – AMLO", "Why Latin America treats "femicides" differently from other murders", "Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence", "Wave Of Femicide Surges Across Mexico, Killing 6 Women Per Day", "In Mexico, Women Go on Strike Nationwide to Protest Violence", "Mexican Women Stay Home To Protest Femicides In 'A Day Without Us, "7 Notable Mexican Authors Who Changed History", "Presentan en París candidatura de gastronomía mexicana", "Latina chef Daniela Soto-Innes is youngest to be named 'World's Best Female Chef, "CNNSI.com – 2002 World Cup — World Cup Hall of Fame: Antonio Carbajal — Wednesday May 08, 2002 10:46 PM", "Hugo Sánchez donó trofeos pichichi y mejor jugador CONCACAF al Real Madrid", "Los mejores deportistas mexicanos de la historia", "México, una historia de éxito en la Serie Mundial de Ligas Menores", "México es Campeón en el Mundial Sub-23 de beisbol", "FIBA – Mexico to host 2015 FIBA Americas Championship", "Los medallistas que ha tenido el Box Olímpico mexicano", "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins", Mexico Tourism Official Website |VisitMexico, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico&oldid=1016820021, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1810, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011, Articles with dead external links from July 2019, Articles with incomplete citations from December 2020, Articles with dead external links from July 2013, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, 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identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The coalition also won a majority in both the upper and lower congress chambers. [114] Wanting to stabilize and develop the frontier, the Mexican government encouraged Anglo-American immigration into present-day Texas. [390], Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Mexico due to international migration such as Low German by the 80,000-strong Menonite population, primarily settled in the northern states, fuelled by the tolerance of the federal government towards this community by allowing them to set their own educational system compatible with their customs and traditions. In one notable incident, Nicolas Bravo captured 200 royalist soldiers, whom Morelos ordered should be executed in revenge of the murder of Bravo's father. The young and weak United States was the first country to recognize Mexico's independence, sending an ambassador to the court of the emperor and sending a message to Europe via the Monroe Doctrine not to intervene in Mexico. [377] A study by Juan Esteban Rodríguez, a graduate student at the National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, indicated that up to one third of people sampled from Guerrero state had significantly more Asian ancestry than most Mexicans, primarily Filipino or Indonesian. [296] UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Mexican painting of the 20th century has achieved world renown with figures such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Joaquín Clausell, Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, a generation of idealists who marked the image of modern Mexico in the face of strong social and economic criticism. The development of a Mexican modernist architecture was perhaps mostly fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, the main campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. From 1946 the election of Miguel Alemán, the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Mexico embarked on an aggressive program of economic development, known as the Mexican miracle, which was characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and the increase of inequality in Mexico between urban and rural areas. The best known cases are those of San Juan Chamula,[410][411] in Chiapas, and San Nicolás, in Ixmiquilpan,[412] Hidalgo. [90] Wealth created during the colonial era spurred the development of New Spanish Baroque. Mexiko, offiziell Estados Unidos Mexicanos (spuenesch fir Vereenegt Mexikanesch Staaten), ass eng federal Republik an Nordamerika.Nopeschlänner sinn am Norden d'Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika, am Süde Belize a Guatemala.Am Weste mécht de Pazifik, am Osten den Atlantik mam Golf vu Mexiko an dem Karibesche Mier d'Grenz.. D'Haaptstad vu Mexiko ass Mexiko-Stad (Ciudad de México). [307] The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095 km (227,481 mi),[308] of which 116,802 km (72,577 mi) are paved. Den arkeologiska platsen Teotihuacán är belägen i den nordöstra delen av delstaten, ungefär 45 kilometer nordost om Mexico City. [386] Furthermore, the usage of vos, the second person singular pronoun, found in several Latin American varieties, is replaced by tú; whereas vosotros, the second person plural pronoun, fell out of use and was effectively replaced by ustedes. Catholicism remained the only permitted religious faith and the Catholic Church as an institution retained its special privileges, prestige, and property, a bulwark of Conservatism. [49] In the subsequent pre-classical period, the Maya and Zapotec civilizations developed complex centers at Calakmul and Monte Albán, respectively. [70] Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return with the help of state of Tlaxcala whose population estimate was 300,000. México (bok) – en av Jan Myrdal och Gun Kessle från 1995 Maserati Mexico, sportbil; Historia. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it. [334] The vast majority of migrants come from the United States (900,000), making Mexico the top destination for U.S. citizens abroad. Salvucci, Linda. In 1995, the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. [108]:53–80 Similarly to José María Morelos' goals. [430] The remains of the victims were frequently mutilated. [95] To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch pirates and protect the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic and Acapulco on the Pacific. It created a standing military, increased coastal fortifications, and expanded the northern presidios and missions into Alta California. 1000–1519 CE), Central Mexico was dominated by the Toltec culture, Oaxaca by the Mixtec, and the lowland Maya area had important centers at Chichén Itzá and Mayapán. Silver and the red dye cochineal were shipped from Veracruz to Atlantic ports in the Americas and Spain. [163] The government has taken another initiative in the late 1990s to broaden the people's knowledge, interest and use of the country's esteemed biodiversity, through the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. The largest blow to Mexico was the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846 in the Mexican–American War. [235] In October 2007, President Calderón and US president George W. Bush announced the Mérida Initiative, a plan of law enforcement cooperation between the two countries. In 1954 American vocalist of Mexican heritage Andy Russell, relocated to Mexico where he became a star of radio, records and nightclubs, specializing in traditional pop and Latin music. Both Verónica Ruiz de Velasco and Francisco Toledo were students of Rufino Tamayo. Economic problems worsened in his early term, then massive reserves of petroleum were located off Mexico's Gulf Coast. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, Mexico has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles. [247][248] Mexico is now firmly established as an upper middle-income country. Society was organized in a racial hierarchy, with whites on top, mixed-race persons and blacks in the middle, and indigenous at the bottom. Religious sculpture was reduced to a sporadic imagery, while the secular sculpture continued in portraits and monumental art of a civic nature. Mexico had an active slave trade during the colonial period, and some 200,000 Africans were taken there, primarily in the 17th century. Mexico is between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.. People living in Mexico or who are from there are called Mexicans. [72] Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Luis Echeverría, Minister of the Interior under Díaz Ordaz, carrying out the repression during the Olympics, was elected president in 1970. [109] Then, the Criollo Royalist, Agustin Iturbide, instead of attacking Vicente Guerrero, approached Guerrero to join forces as he was impressed with his tenacity despite fighting larger odds, and on 24 August 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the "Treaty of Córdoba" and the "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala". Underkategorier. [266], Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation. [354][355] it is also observed that when asked directly about their ethno-racial identification, many Mexicans nowadays do not identify as Mestizos[356] and that "static" ethnoracial labels such as "White" or "Indian" are far more prominent in contemporary Mexican society than the "Mestizo" one is, whose use is mostly limited to intellectual circles, result of the label's constantly-changing and subjective definition. [108]:40–41 In 1813 the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened and, on 6 November, signed the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America". PRD emerged after what has now been proven was a stolen election in 1988,[177] and has won numerous state and local elections since then. In 1819, the Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty with the United States, setting New Spain's northern boundary. Mexiko deltog första gången vid olympiska sommarspelen 1900 i Paris och har sedan 1924 varit med vid varje olympiskt sommarspel.De deltog första gången vid olympiska vinterspelen 1928 i Sankt Moritz och de har sedan 1984 deltagit vid de flesta olympiska vinterspelen. Sidan redigerades senast den 12 mars 2013 kl. [68] Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, among whom smallpox, measles, and other contagious diseases were endemic, epidemics of Old World infectious diseases ravaged Mesoamerica starting in the 1520s. This gives them a year-round temperate climate with yearly temperature averages (from 16 to 18 °C or 60.8 to 64.4 °F) and cool nighttime temperatures throughout the year. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. Mural painting with religious themes had an important flowering during the 16th century; the same in religious constructions as in houses of lineage; such is the case of the convents of Acolman, Actopan, Huejotzingo, Tecamachalco and Zinacantepec. Three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Texas, the Republic of the Rio Grande and the Republic of Yucatán.[108]:129–137. Mexican conservatives asked Emperor Napoleon III to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of Mexico is still widely read today. The phrase República Mexicana, "Mexican Republic", was used in the 1836 Constitutional Laws. The riot over the price of maize escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and the archbishop's residence attacked by the mob.[83]. [69] Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million) although such a high number conflicts with the 350,000 Aztecs who ruled an empire of 5 million or 10 million. Of these, 300 are elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with closed party lists[169] for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies. In 1824, a constitution of a federated republic was promulgated and former insurgent general Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the newly born republic. México tai Méjico), virallisesti Meksikon yhdysvallat (esp. Posicionamiento del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM) con los 50 aeropuertos más importantes del mundo", "Sin acceso a agua potable 22 millones de mexicanos", "En México se desperdicia el 43.2% de agua", "En México, solo el 57% de las aguas residuales son tratadas correctamente", "Bajó 60% disponiblidad de agua per cápita en 60 años", "México cuenta con 123.5 millones de habitantes", "en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español", "Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco", "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7, "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico", "DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO SOBRE DISCRIMINACIÓN RACIAL EN MÉXICO", "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional", "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017", "Table 1: Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2017", "Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos", "These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout", "Los árabes de México. [448] Media company Grupo Imagen is another national coverage television broadcaster in Mexico, that also owns the newspaper Excélsior. On International Women's Day (8 March) in 2020, women staged a massive demonstration in Mexico City with some 80,000 participants. Even though Mexico is a very ethnically diverse country, research about ethnicity has largely been a forgotten field, in consequence of the post-revolutionary efforts of Mexico's government to unify all non-indigenous Mexicans under a single ethnic identity (that of the "Mestizo"). Years later the baroque and mannerism were imposed in large cathedrals and civil buildings, while rural areas are built haciendas or stately farms with Mozarabic tendencies. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time has passed. [55], The Aztec of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico. [460], This article is about the federal republic in North America. The telenovelas are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Victoria Ruffo and Lucero. He imposed his fellow former Sonoran revolutionary general, Calles, as his successor, prompting an unsuccessful military revolt. [302] It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over 2,000 mi (3,219 km) in length. [282] Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos (Satmex), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America. Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and others were introduced by Europeans and African slaves, especially in the sixteenth century. Another religion of popular syncretism in Mexico (especially in recent years) is the Santería. He made no attempt, however, to establish a family dynasty, naming no relative as his successor. in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas, Oaxaca, IOC. The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. The Camino Real de Tierra Adentro connected Mexico City with the interior of New Spain. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital, Texcoco was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. [362] Nonetheless, all the censuses conclude that the majority of Mexico's indigenous population is concentrated in rural areas of the southern and south-eastern Mexican states. When the price of oil dropped, Mexico's economy collapsed in the 1982 Crisis. The Liberal republic under Benito Juárez was basically a government in internal exile, but with the end of the Civil War in the U.S. in April 1865, that government began aiding the Mexican Republic. For example, many cities in the north like Monterrey, Hermosillo, and Mexicali experience temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or more in summer.

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