[235] After tracking down many books that once belonged to Wilde's Tite Street library (dispersed at the time of his trials), Wright was the first to examine Wilde's marginalia. Later on, I think everyone will recognise his achievements; his plays and essays will endure. His mother, who wrote under the name Speranza, was a revolutionary poet and an authority on Celtic myth and folklore. [48] The 1881 British Census listed Wilde as a boarder at 1 (now 44) Tite Street, Chelsea, where Frank Miles, a society painter, was the head of the household. Wilde's parents were Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin. [160] Under the Libel Act 1843, Queensberry's acquittal rendered Wilde legally liable for the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence, which left Wilde bankrupt.[161]. Oscar Wilde was known to be a self-described antinomian, one for whom the customary regulations for society didn’t pertain. He once remarked to friends, whom he entertained lavishly, "I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china. The 2017 Act implements what is known informally as the Alan Turing law. Wilde, age forty, had earlier stated he was thirty-nine years old at the beginning of his direct examination by Clarke. [175] In November he collapsed during chapel from illness and hunger. True, but unfairly so. Homosexuality was a criminal offense and serious societal taboo at this time in Britain. [145][note 5] Wilde, encouraged by Douglas and against the advice of his friends, initiated a private prosecution against Queensberry for libel, since the note amounted to a public accusation that Wilde had committed the crime of sodomy. Wilde's association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which Wilde was accused. He was not allowed to send it, but was permitted to take it with him when released from prison. “To lose one parent, Mr. Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune; to lose both looks like carelessness.” ― Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest tags: children , humor , paraphrased , parents This he did in 1878, only briefly visiting Ireland twice after that. The rich harp on the value of thrift, the idle grow eloquent over the dignity of labour. [121], Wilde, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then outrage it with Dorian Gray, his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. Oscar Wilde and Myself (1914), largely ghost-written by T. W. H. Crosland, vindictively reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and defensively tried to distance him from Wilde's scandalous reputation. But even if his activities had led only to exposure and not to arrest, he would have been savagely pilloried in the media. [82][83] In October 1889, Wilde had finally found his voice in prose and, at the end of the second volume, Wilde left The Woman's World. [191] No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them but rather the poem highlights the brutalisation of the punishment that all convicts share. Among his teachers at Trinity was John P. Mahaffy, who inspired Wilde to study Greek literature and also taught him to love “Greek things”. Wilde admitted being on a first-name basis and lavishing gifts upon them, but insisted that nothing untoward had occurred and that the men were merely good friends of his. 27. April 1898 in Genua) war eine britische Kinderbuchautorin und die Ehefrau von Oscar Wilde. She became engaged to Bram Stoker and they married in 1878. [94] Instead of writing a short but serious essay on the question, Wilde tossed the theory amongst the three characters of the story, allowing it to unfold as background to the plot. [158], Carson then moved to the factual evidence and questioned Wilde about his friendships with younger, lower-class men. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2010. On 25 May 1895 Wilde and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years' hard labour. Carson repeatedly pointed out the unusual nature of these relationships and insinuated that the men were prostitutes. Having always excelled as a wit and raconteur, he often composed by assembling phrases, bons mots and witticisms into a longer, cohesive work. Often speculative in nature, it was widely criticised for its pure conjecture and lack of scholarly rigour. Wilde's counsel, Sir Edward Clarke, was finally able to get a magistrate to allow Wilde and his friends to post bail. He claimed to regard the letters as works of art rather than something of which to be ashamed. Oscar Wilde reached New York City on 2 January 1882. Constance Mary Wilde (geborene Lloyd; * 2. Contrarily, ‘An Ideal Husband’, a work which Wilde started in the summer of 1883, revolved around blackmail and political corruption. Wilde … The genitals have since been vandalised; their current whereabouts are unknown. Indeed I was fully satisfied that he understood me when told that I was about to receive him into the Catholic Church and gave him the Last Sacraments... And when I repeated close to his ear the Holy Names, the Acts of Contrition, Faith, Hope and Charity, with acts of humble resignation to the Will of God, he tried all through to say the words after me. [52][53][54] By a tight vote, the Oxford Union condemned the book for alleged plagiarism. [58], Aestheticism was sufficiently in vogue to be caricatured by Gilbert and Sullivan in Patience (1881). Our parents love us no matter what, so be nice to them. 1881 England Census [database on-line]. [10], In 1855, the family moved to No. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born in Dublin on 16 October 1854. [87], Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888, and had been regularly writing fairy stories for magazines. Douglas’ father, the Marquess of Queensberry, was outraged by the relationship and sought to expose Wilde. [51], Though the book sold out its first print run of 750 copies it was not generally well received by the critics, Punch for example saying "The poet is Wilde, but his poetry's tame". [132] "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young" was to come under attack six months later at Wilde's trial, where he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work. [38] In November 1878, he graduated with a double first in his B.A. Although the tour was originally planned for four months, because of its commercial success, it was extended for almost a year. To deny one's own experiences is to put a lie into the lips of one's own life. He embarked on a journey of his advanced education at Trinity College, in Dublin preceding which he had an exceptional academic career at Oxford. Under cross examination Wilde was at first hesitant, then spoke eloquently: Charles Gill (prosecuting): What is "the love that dare not speak its name"? [228][229], Richard Ellmann wrote his 1987 biography Oscar Wilde, for which he posthumously won a National (US) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988[230] and a Pulitzer Prize in 1989. [157] Carson also tried to justify Queensberry's characterisation by quoting from Wilde's novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, referring in particular to a scene in the second chapter, in which Lord Henry Wotton explains his decadent philosophy to Dorian, an "innocent young man", in Carson's words. Outstanding childhood. "[114], The 1891 census records the Wildes' residence at 16 Tite Street,[115] where he lived with his wife Constance and two sons. Initially, the authorship was credited to C33, but when it became successful; his name was added to it. And outcasts always mourn. In 1886, while Constance was pregnant with their second child, Wilde was seduced by seventeen-year-old Robert Baldwin Ross, the grandson of the Canadian reform leader Robert Baldwin. [37] Ruskin despaired at the self-validating aestheticism of Pater, arguing that the importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society. [119] Rehearsals of the play, starring Sarah Bernhardt, began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain, since it depicted biblical characters. Wilde had gone back and forth between hiding his sexual orientation and attempting to gain some measure of public acceptance. It was ruinous advice. [77] Wilde, like his parents before him, also supported the cause of Irish nationalism. [65], His earnings, plus expected income from The Duchess of Padua, allowed him to move to Paris between February and mid-May 1883. "[201][202] Turner was one of the few of the old circle who remained with Wilde to the end and was at his bedside when he died. In 1891, Wilde met Alfred Douglas, son of John Douglas, 9th Marques of Queensberry, and developed an affair with him. The final trial was presided over by Mr Justice Wills. Wilde was especially impressed by Pater, who advised his students “to burn always with hard, gemlike flame.” He soon became famous for his role in the aesthetic movement. Januar 1858 in London; 7. Wilde's poem "Requiescat" is written to her memory:[17], "Tread lightly, she is nearUnder the snow An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by 1893 Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair. Wilde juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line "Yet each man kills the thing he loves". Source Citation: Class: RG11; Piece: 78; Folio: 56; Page: 46; GSU roll: 1341017. He therefore, returned to Great Britain rich, both in money matters and experience. Wilde spent mid-1897 with Robert Ross in the seaside village of Berneval-le-Grand in northern France, where he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, narrating the execution of Charles Thomas Wooldridge, who murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity. Here he quickly established himself as an outstanding student. [41] Wilde believed that the artist should hold forth higher ideals, and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian ethics. Its subject, "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for Wilde – with both his skill in composition and ancient learning – but he struggled to find his voice with the long, flat, scholarly style. His father, Sir William Wilde, was a well-known surgeon; his mother, Jane Francisca Elgee Wilde, wrote popular poetry and other work under the pseudonym (pen name) Speranza. [146] Queensberry's lawyers thus hired private detectives to find evidence of Wilde's homosexual liaisons. In June 1894, he called on Wilde at 16 Tite Street, without an appointment, and clarified his stance: "I do not say that you are it, but you look it, and pose at it, which is just as bad. He wrote some of the most enduring works in the English language, but is equally remembered for his scandalous personal life, which ultimately led to his imprisonment. The letter was partially published in 1905 as De Profundis; its complete and correct publication first occurred in 1962 in The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre, Trinity College), the second of three children born to an Anglo-Irish couple: Jane, née Elgee and Sir William Wilde. "[183] Wilde blamed himself, though, for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall, "I am here for having tried to put your father in prison. When Wilde eagerly attended Ruskin's lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence, he learned about aesthetics as the non-mathematical elements of painting. Wilde was born of professional and literary parents. He wrote Salome (1891) in French while in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to an absolute prohibition on the portrayal of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin on 16 October 1854 to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane. Wilde journeyed on the SS Arizona, arriving 2 January 1882, and disembarking the following day. Wilde did retain a lifelong interest in Catholic theology and liturgy. Of Wilde's other close friends, Robert Sherard; Robert Ross, his literary executor; and Charles Ricketts variously published biographies, reminiscences or correspondence. [11] He joined his brother Willie at Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, which he attended from 1864 to 1871. His aptitude for giving oral translations of Greek and Latin texts won him multiple prizes, including the Carpenter Prize for Greek Testament. The story thus is an early masterpiece of Wilde's combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth. Wilde lived for three more years, poor and desolate. She happened to be visiting Dublin in 1884, when Wilde was lecturing at the Gaiety Theatre. [49][50], He had been publishing lyrics and poems in magazines since entering Trinity College, especially in Kottabos and the Dublin University Magazine. The world mocks at it, and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.[167][168]. His original name was Oscar Fingal OFlaherty Wills Wilde. "We are dining on the Duchess tonight", Wilde would declare before taking him to an expensive restaurant. After Douglas, a furious homophobe, began spouting his objections to Wildes behavior to the public, Wilde felt compelled to suehim for libel. Lord Alfred's father, the Marquess of Queensberry, was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing. Wilde, who was earning up to £100 a week from his plays (his salary at The Woman's World had been £6), indulged Douglas's every whim: material, artistic, or sexual. [104] 1891 turned out to be Wilde's annus mirabilis; apart from his three collections he also produced his only novel. In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in The Nineteenth Century, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, in The Fortnightly Review, edited by Wilde's friend Frank Harris. The Wildes' new home was larger. [154] To undermine Wilde's credibility, and to justify Queensberry's description of Wilde as a "posing somdomite", Carson drew from the witness an admission of his capacity for "posing", by demonstrating that he had lied about his age under oath. [136][137] Queensberry only described the scene once, saying Wilde had "shown him the white feather", meaning he had acted in a cowardly way. Oscar Wilde /ˈɒskə waɪld/1, dont le nom complet est Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde, est un écrivain, romancier, dramaturge et poète irlandais né à Dublin le 16 octobre 1854 et mort à Paris le 30 novembre 1900. [106], Reviewers immediately criticised the novel's decadence and homosexual allusions; The Daily Chronicle for example, called it "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction". [205] Fr Dunne recorded the baptism, As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of Oscar Wilde was in part repeated to me... Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave Extreme Unction to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying. [87] The Reminiscences also caused great acrimony between Wilde and Vivian, Wilde accusing Vivian of "the inaccuracy of an eavesdropper with the method of a blackmailer"[88] and banishing Vivian from his circle. The parents of Oscar Wilde : Sir William and Lady Wilde. Oscar Wilde. Among his few friends, who remained loyal till the end, were author Reginald Turner and Robert Ross. Though containing nothing but "special pleading", it would not, he says "be possible to build an airier castle in Spain than this of the imaginary William Hughes" we continue listening nonetheless to be charmed by the telling. [14] He was one of only three students at Portora to win a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871. Thereafter, he entered Magdalen College, Oxford with a Demyship. On coming out of prison, he went to France, where he spent the last years of his life, cut off from his family and shunned by most of his friends. In addition to his children with his wife, Sir William Wilde was the father of three children born out of wedlock before his marriage: Henry Wilson, born in 1838 to one woman, and Emily and Mary Wilde, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively, to a second woman. [193] It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after which "[Oscar Wilde]" was added to the title page, though many in literary circles had known Wilde to be the author. The turmoil in poet/playwright Oscar Wilde's life after he discovers his homosexuality. Pity's long-broken urn, [126] Wilde was commissioned to write two more plays and An Ideal Husband, written in 1894,[127] followed in January 1895. Oscar Wilde, a critical study by Arthur Ransome was published in 1912. Oscar was two years younger than his brother, William (Willie) Wilde. It moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners. [37], Wilde won the 1878 Newdigate Prize for his poem "Ravenna", which reflected on his visit there the year before, and he duly read it at Encaenia. Although the press was a little hostile to him, the public was intrigued by his dress code and odd character. Wilde hesitated, then for the first time became flustered: "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously. But by then, despite being married with two sons, he had become entangled in a homosexual relationship and when that came into light, he was sentenced to two-year rigorous imprisonment. Oscar Wilde. [224] Lord Alfred Douglas wrote two books about his relationship with Wilde. George Orwell summarised, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each striving after perfection in the way that seems best to him. Wilde's professional success was mirrored by an escalation in his feud with Queensberry. As Gray's portrait allows him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism, Wilde sought to juxtapose the beauty he saw in art with daily life. Directed by Brian Gilbert. With Stephen Fry, Jude Law, Vanessa Redgrave, Jennifer Ehle. [144] Fifteen weeks later Wilde was in prison. Oscar's mother, Lady Jane Francesca Wilde (1820-1896), was a successful poet and journalist. Wilde pleaded not guilty. The first more or less objective biography of Wilde came about when Hesketh Pearson wrote Oscar Wilde: His Life and Wit (1946). Constance Wilde was already refusing to meet Wilde or allow him to see their sons, though she sent him money – three pounds a week. [19] Wilde, despite later reservations, called Mahaffy "my first and best teacher" and "the scholar who showed me how to love Greek things". [23][125], His first hit play was followed by A Woman of No Importance in 1893, another Victorian comedy, revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations. Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas was a British poet and journalist, best known as the lover of Oscar Wilde. [128], Peter Raby said these essentially English plays were well-pitched: "Wilde, with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen, and the other on the commercial competition in London's West End, targeted his audience with adroit precision".[129]. Against his friends' advices, Wilde filed a suit of libel against the Marques. On his return to Great Britain, Oscar Wilde embarked on another lecture circuit across England and Ireland, which would last up to the middle of 1884. [71][72] Although Constance had an annual allowance of £250, which was generous for a young woman (equivalent to about £26,300 in current value), the Wildes had relatively luxurious tastes. [155][note 6] Playing on this, he returned to the topic throughout his cross-examination. Wherever he went, he mixed with every class of people. [98], Wilde was concerned about the effect of moralising on art; he believed in art's redemptive, developmental powers: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. [214], On 14 February 1995, Wilde was commemorated with a stained-glass window at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. [239] Modern books include Philippe Jullian's Oscar Wilde,[240] and L'affaire Oscar Wilde, ou, Du danger de laisser la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps (The Oscar Wilde Affair, or, On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets) by Odon Vallet, a French religious historian. Meanwhile sometime between February and Ma 1883, he went to Paris for three months and there he completed his play, ‘The Duchess of Padua’. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine. "[111] Wilde claimed the plot was "an idea that is as old as the history of literature but to which I have given a new form". While their characters often rise to serious themes in moments of crisis, Earnest lacks the by-now stock Wildean characters: there is no "woman with a past", the principals are neither villainous nor cunning, simply idle cultivés, and the idealistic young women are not that innocent. With Michael Gambon, Robin McCallum, Tim Hardy, Karl Howman. [24], At Magdalen, he read Greats from 1874 to 1878, and from there he applied to join the Oxford Union, but failed to be elected. When the National Republican discussed Wilde, it was to explain 'a few items as to the animal's pedigree.' Oscar was two years younger than his brother, William (Willie) Wilde. Wilde was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials. On 18 February 1895, the Marquess left his calling card at Wilde's club, the Albemarle, inscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite" [sic]. [211] In 2011, the tomb was cleaned of the many lipstick marks left there by admirers and a glass barrier was installed to prevent further marks or damage.[212]. [29] He eagerly read the books of Cardinal Newman, a noted Anglican priest who had converted to Catholicism and risen in the church hierarchy. She refused to see him or allow him to see the children. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. Oscar Wilde (2007). At the same time, he stressed that the government most amenable to artists was no government at all. Unlike Wilde's idealised relations with Ross, John Gray, and Douglas, all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle, these consorts were uneducated and knew nothing of literature. The earliest were memoirs by those who knew him: often they are personal or impressionistic accounts which can be good character sketches, but are sometimes factually unreliable. They had preached to others for so long on the subject of design that people expected their home to set new standards. At one of these dinners, Whistler said a bon mot that Wilde found particularly witty, Wilde exclaimed that he wished that he had said it, and Whistler retorted "You will, Oscar, you will". On the surface a witty comedy, there is subtle subversion underneath: "it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure". Whilst Wilde the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors, Wilde the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms. Richard B. Haldane, the Liberal MP and reformer, visited Wilde and had him transferred in November to Reading Gaol, 30 miles (48 km) west of London[178] on 23 November 1895. By now, his father had died virtually bankrupt. He characterised the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court but claimed its intent was innocent. [35] Pater argued that man's sensibility to beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. That it should be so, the world does not understand. The magazine didn't let its reputation for quality impede its expression of what are now considered odious ethnic and racial ideologies. Queensberry was found not guilty, as the court declared that his accusation that Wilde was "posing as a Somdomite [sic]" was justified, "true in substance and in fact". "[159], In his opening speech for the defence, Carson announced that he had located several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with Wilde. He presented a paper titled "Aesthetic Morality". In 1864, he was enrolled at Portora Royal School, then a boarding school in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. His only novel, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ appeared in the July 1890 edition of ‘Lippincott's Monthly Magazine.’. [15] For his part, Mahaffy boasted of having created Wilde; later, he said Wilde was "the only blot on my tutorship". Wilde became fluent in both French and German early … It was here at Reading Gaol that he wrote a 50,000-word letter to Douglas. Queensberry had planned to insult Wilde publicly by throwing a bouquet of rotting vegetables onto the stage; Wilde was tipped off and had Queensberry barred from entering the theatre. [67][note 3], In London, he had been introduced in 1881 to Constance Lloyd, daughter of Horace Lloyd, a wealthy Queen's Counsel, and his wife. [note 4] Queensberry, who feuded regularly with his son, confronted Wilde and Lord Alfred about the nature of their relationship several times, but Wilde was able to mollify him. A life without it is like a sunless garden when the flowers are dead. His mother, Jane Francesca Agnes (née Elgee) Wilde, was of Italian descent. By 25 November 1900 Wilde had developed meningitis, then called "cerebral meningitis". The transfer itself was the lowest point of his incarceration, as a crowd jeered and spat at him on the railway platform. [42] Wilde was disappointed but stoic: he wrote to her, remembering "the two sweet years – the sweetest years of all my youth" during which they had been close. Many biographies have been indifferent to them, with one stating they were already ‘steeped in vice’ by the time they met Wilde. According to Fox's testimony in Donahoe's Magazine in 1905, Jane Wilde would visit his chapel in Glencree, County Wicklow, for Mass and would take her sons with her. The poor can think of nothing else. Intentions packaged revisions of four essays: The Decay of Lying; Pen, Pencil and Poison; The Truth of Masks (first published 1885); and The Critic as Artist in two parts. In 1871, Oscar Wilde graduated from Portora with a Royal School Scholarship to study classics at Trinity College, Dublin. The popularly known Oscar Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright whose full name was Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde. [120] Salome was published jointly in Paris and London in 1893, but was not performed until 1896 in Paris, during Wilde's later incarceration. After a few weeks I baptized these two children, Lady Wilde herself being present on the occasion. Wilde replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only "brutes and illiterates", whose views on art "are incalculably stupid", would make such judgements about art. Wilde replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men. The trial ended with the jury unable to reach a verdict. "[31] The line quickly became famous, accepted as a slogan by aesthetes but used against them by critics who sensed in it a terrible vacuousness. But in 1891, Wilde began an affair with Lord Alfred Douglas, a young British poet and aristocrat 16 years his junior. In 1900, he had Wilde’s remains transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery. [1] However, of the authors, Merlin Holland, argues, “One is taking it out of context, he was not an odious predator. Please come". Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. Unable to stop the liaison, the Marques left his calling card at Wilde's club, inscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing sodomite” on 18 February 1895. Mostly set in drawing rooms and almost completely lacking in action or violence, Earnest lacks the self-conscious decadence found in The Picture of Dorian Gray and Salome. There is nothing unnatural about it. [61] Wilde sought to transpose the beauty he saw in art into daily life. He became more serious in 1878, when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest in the Brompton Oratory who had received some high-profile converts. Richard D'Oyly Carte, an English impresario, invited Wilde to make a lecture tour of North America, simultaneously priming the pump for the US tour of Patience and selling this most charming aesthete to the American public.

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